HR Training Class Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

HR Training Class - Research Paper Example It employs more employees some of whom do not understand how maintain competition in the market. In relation of remaining relevant and competitive, our retail department in this company trains its employees in order to conform to this requirement. This approach benefits our employees by providing a clearly defined working culture in which employees have the necessary job satisfaction that enhances their productivity. The main concern of this training is to find out ways in which Al-Futtaim will expand into global retail through improved customers and employees relation. This will depend on the strategies and policies applied to the employees in relation to customer satisfaction. The policies and strategies will influence the employees. In relation to internationalization, a challenge on maintaining integrity, service and social responsibility is bound to arise Hipsher (2006). The nature of the training will be descriptive. The description will focus on explaining the key issues of how and when to strategize the policies of the training. The information presented in the training will be on the strategies and policies availed from the existing and potential customers of this retail company. The information will assist in developing a roadmap to global retail expansion with special consideration on the strategies that the employees will be equipped. The needs assessment for Al-Futtaim Retail Company gives the facilitators an opportunity to prepare adequate content to deliver to their expected audience. Inadequate number of employees is considered as a prerequisite to the training. The existence of web content with information containing this training may be reproduced for this training. The achievement of an organization depends on a number of factors such as the internal organization and coordination between the management and their sub-ordinate staff. Needs assessment helps an organization

Event on Social Gathering for Womens Day Essay Example for Free

Event on Social Gathering for Womens Day Essay Gathering means a group of people together in one place and social gathering means a gathering for the purpose of promoting upliftment of the society/fellowship. A social gathering is an informal user generated event for those interested in social entrepreneurship enterprise, share ideas and meet new people. A social gathering is open to anyone with an interest in social enterprise. It helps in gaining advice, support and inspiration from entrepreneurs. It is an event specially organized for the awareness of the current issues. The event may include speeches, discussions, dramas, songs and many more cultural activities to make people aware. It is organized 4 to 5 hrs or lesser. It may include social issues like suicides, girl education, water conservation, garbage, etc. mostly the social gathering on these issues are followed by a campaign on large scale. Social gathering includes all the general public. The publicity is done on great extent. The targeted people are colleges, universities, other NGO’s, own NGO’s members and volunteers contacts and family and relatives etc. Since gathering means a collection or accumulation an assembly of persons, so the people gather for completing a task. It is a fully refreshing and entertaining type of event. Thus the event includes lunch together, and has discussions. This is organized in such manner that every one participate in the task taken on the issue. Mostly the social gathering is free of cost or low cost. The speakers are well-qualified and master in their field. The speeches by them are very practical which we can have in our daily-scheduled-routine life. The term female feticide means killing the female fetus in the mothers womb. Sex selective abortions and increase in the number of female infanticide cases have become a significant social phenomenon in several parts of India. It transcends all castes, class and communities and even the North South dichotomy. The girl children become target of attack even before they are born. India is growing dynamically in all the fields†¦ the country have witnessed advancement all over but female feticide is still prevailing in India. In spite of all the stringent laws framed to curb the female feticide still, the practice continues. Many girls missing from our country are seen buried in the graveyard. The bias against females in India is related to the fact that sons are called upon to provide the income; they are the ones who do most of the work in the fields. In this way, sons are looked to as a type of insurance. With this perspective, it becomes clearer that the high value given to males decreases the value given to females. The exorbitant dowry demand is one of the main reasons for female feticide. A girl means accumulation of sufficient recourses for the dowry the parent have to give away, when the girls get married. As a matter of prestige too, more money and material goods are asked in dowry. Poor families are unable to give so much of things in dowry. Result is in front of you many, many women are treated hostile by their ‘in laws’’ so many of them commit suicide. Murders of women whose families are deemed to have paid   insufficient dowry have become increasingly common. Another major problem among girls is that in many villages of India, girls are considered as a big trouble to their parents. They are killed as soon as they are born. The phenomenon of female infanticide is as old as many cultures, and has likely accounted for millions of gender-selective deaths throughout history. It remains a critical concern in a number of Third World countries today, notably the two most populous countries on earth, China and India. In all cases, specifically female infanticide reflects the low status accorded to women in most parts of the world; Female infanticide is the intentional killing of baby girls due to the preference for male babies and from the low value associated with the birth of females. It should be seen as a subset of the broader phenomenon of infanticide, which has also targeted the physically or mentally handicapped and infant males as with maternal mortality. Some would dispute the assigning of infanticide or female infanticide to the category of genocide or, as here, gendercide†. When demographic statistics were first collected in the nineteenth century, it was discovered that in some villages of India, no girl babies were found at all; in a total of thirty others, there were 343 boys to 54 girls. In rural India, the centuries-old practice of female infanticide can still be considered a wise course of action. According to census statistics, From 972 females for every 1,000 males in 1901 the gender imbalance has tilted to 929 females per 1,000 males.

Food And Wine Harmony History Essay

Food And Wine Harmony History Essay Italy is a unitary legislative state in Southern Europe. It is the fifth most populated country in Europe, and the 23rd most populated in the world. Rome, the capital of Italy, has for periods been an administrative and religious centre of Western society as the capital of the Roman Empire and place of the Holy Sea. Modern Italy is an independent republic. It has been graded as the worlds 24th most-developed nation and its Quality-of-life Index has been graded in the worlds first ten in 2005.Italy delight in a very high standard of existing, and has a great GDP per capita. History The terrestrial known as Italy today has been the structure of European cultures and peoples, such as the Etruscans and the Romans. Italys capital, Rome, was for periods the administrative centre of Western society, as the capital of the Roman Empire. After its failure, Italy would endure numerous assaults by foreign peoples, from Germanic societies such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Normans and later, the Byzantines, among others. Times later, Italy would become the origin of the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intelligent movement that would prove to be essential in shaping the following course of European thought. Through much of its post-Roman past, Italy was split into numerous kingdoms and city-states but was united in 1861, a unrestrained period in past known as the Risorgimento. In the late 19th era, through World War I, and to World War II, Italy controlled a colonial empire, which extended its law to Libya, Eritrea, Italian Somaliland, Ethiopia, Albania, Rhodes, the Dodecanese and a franchise in Tianjin, China. Culture Italy did not occur as a state until the countrys association in 1861. Due to this relatively late association, and the historical independence of the regions that include the Italian Peninsula, many societies and customs that are now predictable as distinctly Italian can be recognized by their districts of origin. Despite the governmental and social distinction of these areas, Italys contributions to the national and historical legacy of Europe and the world remain massive. Italy is home to the highest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites to date, and has vast collections of art, culture and writings from many different eras. The country has had a comprehensive cultural impact worldwide, also because frequent Italians migrate to other places during the Italian movement. The country has, generally, an estimated 100,000 monuments Climate The climate differs significantly from the north to the south of Italy. In the north of the country the area in the middle of the Alps and the Tuscan-Milan Apennines the climate is tough, with very cold winters and very hot, mainly humid summers. In central Italy the temperature is milder, with a smaller difference in temperature between summer and winter and a smaller and less powerful cold season than in the north; summers are longer, but the sultriness of the northern metropolises is moderated by the sea. In southern Italy and the islands wintertime are never particularly tough, and spring and autumn climate are similar to those reached in the summer in other areas of Italy. Geography Italy is situated in Southern Europe and consist of the boot-shaped Italian Peninsula and a number of islands together with the two largest, Sicily and Sardinia. The Apennine Highlands form the peninsulas backbone and the Alps form its northern borderline, where Italys highest peak is positioned on Mont Blanc. The Po, Italys longest river, runs from the Alps on the western boundary with France and crosses the Padan plain on its manner to the Adriatic Sea. The country is located at the meeting point of the Eurasian Plate and the African Plate, primary to extensive seismic and volcanic movement. There are 14 volcanoes in Italy, four of which are energetic. Soil Soil differs throughout the world, and Italy has territory like no other. Both acidic and limy, Italian soils are used to harvest everything from vineyard grapes to routine herbs such as rosemary. Italy is renowned for wines due to its range of soil. Different grapes have need of different soils. Tuscany has such a various range of soil substances, together with volcanic rock and sandstone, that it is one of the finest places in Italy to catch fine wine vineyards. Marsala History In the 6th period to Justinians Empire, in this historical, the town was marked by dysentery, disregard of Bisanzio and the attacks of pirates. Arabic-Berbers arrival at the nearby Granitola mount in the 8th century involved the reopening of commerce and the start of the return of the town, which was retitled Marsa Ê ¿AlÄ « Ê ¿AlÄ «s harbour located near Punta dAlga or also Marsa Allah, namely Gods harbour, whence the existing name. There is the philosophy that Marsala comes from mare salis Salt ponds by the sea. At the end of era 1700, an appearance from the sea reformed again the upcoming of the town: the arrival of the English John Woodhouse who created the wine marsala. Geography Extreme western point of Sicily, the town was originated on Lilibeo cape, from where Aegadian Islands can be implicit. The territory of Marsala, extensive 241 km ² , has got a rich cultural and landscape legacy; its zone include the Stagnone Lagoon, where Mozia is situated. Marsala town till the end of 1970 was inhabited by about 86 thousand people. The part of Marsala is classified in seismic zone. In the last 200 years three earthquakes of medium-high strength were measured : 18 May 1828 magnitude 5.17 (about 6 ° Mercalli scale) 15 January 1968 Belice earthquake which in Marsala reached 7 ° Mercalli scale. 7 June 1981 magnitudo 4.60 (4/5 ° scala Mercalli scale) with epicentre in Borgo Elefante in Mazara del Vallo, far about 20 km from the town-centre of Marsala. Marsala wine Marsala wine is Italys most well-known type of fortified wine, addressing from Italys sunny southern area. Marsala is a upper alcohol fortified wine (usually about 17- 20%) that is existing in both sweet or dry variants. How is Marsala Wine Made? Marsala is complete from native, natural white grapes like Catarratto, The ruby-colored Marsalas hail from any mixture of three native red grapes. The fermentation of Marsala is frozen by the addition of a grape brandy when the remaining sugar satisfied reaches the pre-determined stages according to the sweet/dry style the creator is shooting for.   Alike to the system  of mixing various vintages of Sherry, Marsala often goes complete a perpetual system, where a sequence of vintage mixing takes place. Marsala Color Classifications: Ambra (Amber colored)   made with white grapes. Oro (Gold hues)   made with white grapes. Rubino (Ruby colored)   made with red grapes, like Pignatello. White grapes Chardonnay: This Burgundy diversity is so useful and commercially practical at the same time, that it was widely presented throughout Italy after the phylloxera defeated most Italian vineyards at the end of the nineteenth century. Produced in many flavours all over the country. Grillo: Full-bodied white used in Marsala and Alcamo blends between others. Zibibbo: Italian name for Muscat, or Moscato dAlessandria. Juicer, less fresh and more fermented than Moscato Bianco, it is best recognized for the passito wines from pantelleria, a small island off the western coast of Sicily. Sauvignon: Homonym of the French Sauvignon Blanc, it is completed into a number of variations throughout Italy. Catarratto Bianco Comune: Though it is found only in Sicily, this selection accounts for the most-planted white grape in all of Italy. Though it is usually used in variations of Marsala blends, it can be used to make pleasing, low-acid, dry wines. Red grapes Cabernet Sauvignon: Firstly from France, this grape is extensively grown all over Italy and has become the base for some of the most respected and luxurious Italian red wines. Similar to other unique French grapes such as Merlot and Cabernet Franc, it was widely established throughout Italy after phylloxera wiped out maximum of northern Italys vineyards at the end of the nineteenth century. Pinot Nero: The Italian variety of Pinot Noir is at its best in Piedmont, Oltrepà ² Pavese, plus Alto Adige wines. Sangiovese: Considered Italys most honourable red grape, it is the base for several prize-winning wines counting Chianti Classico, Vino Nobile di Montepulciano, Brunello di Montalcino, Morellino di Scansano and, last but not least, the gradually known Sangiovese di Romagna. It is measured a native wild vine that was major domesticated by the Etruscans in the Tuscan Emilian Apennines. It has a typical black cherry fragrance with scents of wood smoke. Nero dAvola: Also called Calabrese, is the most important red grape in Sicily. It is verified into dark, thick, flavourful reds reminiscent of the best Australian Shiraz. Gamay: Grown widely throughout Italy, it is vinified as Colli Del Trasimeno DOC varietal in Umbria Popular wineries in Marsala Alvis Rallo: A fine maker of Marsala wine, Alvis Rallo was started in 1860 by the Rallo family. The wine aged area has a capacity of around 13,000 hectolitres in oak casks having between 20 and 450 hectolitres each. Buffa Winery: The Buffa winery was started in 1931, the year in which the current owners father began to produce and trade Marsala wine in bottles, casks and bottles. Donnafugata: Donnafugata makes a range of wines counting Lighea Contessa Entellina D.O.C, Opera Unica Marsala Superiore Riserva D.O.C., Tancredi, and Vigna di Gabri Contessa Entellina D.O.Ces in Marsala Marsala wine Red wines include Nero DAvola: Nero DAvola is one of the ancient ethnic grapes and Marsala wine-makers are justly proud of the acknowledgment that this variety is now getting. Syrah: anyone aware with the southern hemisphere wines will have recognised plenty of Syrah and the weather and territory of Marsala are particularly suited to this tasty grape. Etna Rosso: a mixture of Nerello Mascalese and Nerello Mantellato this is the wine born on the rich, productive volcanic inclines of Mount Etna. Cerasuolo di Vittoria: a mixture of Frappato and Calabrese with the conceivable addition of some Grossonero or Nerello Mascalese, this is the well-known wine of the province of Ragusa. White wines include Bianco DAlcamo: a mixture of Cataratto Grecanico, Damaschino and Trebbiano, this outstanding white can be found all over Sicily, but can only be created in the rich area among Alcamo and Trapani. Wines prepared from Grillo, Inzolia, Cataratto, Grecanico and Chardonnay are made in purezza or mixed together by all the big wine creators, and some are truly excellent. Aperitif wines includeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The sugar content of the grapes and the drying abilities of the sun mean that Marsala gives itself well to manufacture of dessert wines. The best known of these are: Marsala: the famous fortified wine first created by the Englishman John Woodhouse in 1773 is a mixture of Grillo, Cataratto, Ansonia and Damaschino with the adding of distilled alcohol. Though it has a status as a sweet wine, there are also some outstanding dry aperitif varieties. Passito di Pantelleria: prepared from Zibbibo grapes which have been dehydrated in the sun to increase the sugar absorption. Passito di Noto: 100% Passito Bianco grapes for a pleasant sweetish wine, with sugar-coated hints. Viticulture Is the science, manufacture and study of grapes which contracts with the series of events that occur in the vineyard. As soon as the grapes are used for winemaking, it is also known as viniculture. It is a division of the science of horticulture. Duties of the viticulturist include: observing and directing pests and diseases, fertilizing, irrigation, shelter management, monitoring fruit growth and appearances, deciding when to harvest and vine cropping during the winter months. Vinification Winemaking, or vinification, is the manufacture of wine, starting with collection of the grapes or other food and ending with bottling the finished wine. While most wine is made from grapes, it may also be prepared from other fruits or plants. Mead is a wine that is prepared with honey being the primary ingredient after water. Winemaking can be distributed into two categories: still wine manufacture (without carbonation) and sparkling wine manufacture (with carbonation natural or injected).The science of wine and winemaking is known as oenology. A person who creates wine is usually called a winemaker or vintner. Food pairing The three most important rules when it comes to wine-and-food pairing are: 1. Drink and Eat What You Like Pick out a wine that you would need to drink by it, rather than hoping a food match will progress a wine made in a grace you dont like. That way, even if the pairing isnt good, you will still appreciate what youre drinking. 2. Look for Balance Study the weight-or body, or productivity-of both the food and the wine. The wine and the dish should be equal partners, with neither overpowering the other. If you stability the two by weight, you raise the odds intensely that the pairing will be successful. This is the secret behind many classic wine-and-food matches. Theres a fair quantity of character to this. Hearty food needs a hearty wine. Cabernet Sauvignon accompaniments grilled lamb chops because theyre equally strong. 3. Match the Wine to the Most Prominent Element in the Dish This is serious to fine-tuning wine pairings. Identify the main character more often it is the sauce, flavours or cooking method, rather than the main element. Consider two different chicken dishes: Chicken Marsala, with its browned exterior and a sauce of dark wine and mushrooms, against a chicken breast poached in a creamy lemon sauce. The browned, earthy flavors of the earlier tilt it toward a soft, supple red, while the simplicity and citrus flavors of the latter call for a fresh white. Examples of food with wine: Pinot Grigios are good with citric based foods like lemon chicken or light and floral soups or stews. If youre consuming a desert wine that is actual sweet, have a nice biscotti or torte. The wine should constantly be just as sugary, or sweeter Seafood does not constantly have to be matching with white wine. Chianti is such a assorted wine with a dry-body that it will not destruction and hide the flavors of the sea. Mix it up a bit and discover the flavors. Some shellfish, like oysters are outstanding with sparkling wine.

Allegory in Edward Albees The American Dream Essay -- Edward Albee Am

Allegory in Edward Albee's The American Dream Our understanding of Edward Albee's achievement in The American Dream (1960) has come a long way since 1961 when Martin Esslin hailed it as a "brilliant first example of an American contribution to the Theatre of the Absurd"1 and 1966 when Nicholas Canaday, Jr. labeled it America's "best example of what has come to be known as 'the theatre of the absurd.'"2 The shrewdest assessment of absurdism in Albee is by Brian Way, who shows convincingly that, although Albee has successfully mastered the techniques of theatrical absurdism, he has nevertheless shied away from embracing the metaphysics that the style implies.3 That is, Albee knows that Theatre of the Absurd is "an absorption-in-art of certain existentialist and post-existentialist philosophical concepts having to do, in the main, with man's attempts to make sense for himself out of his senseless position in a world which makes no sense."4 But Albee nevertheless "believes in the validity of reason--that things can be proved, or that events can be shown to have definite meanings."5 Structurally, the chief evidence for this claim is that Albee's plays, including The American Dream, move toward resolution, denouement and completion rather than the circularity or open-endedness typical of Theatre of the Absurd.6 In regard to content, Way's point may be extended by contrasting the implications of the titles of The American Dream and Eugene Ionesco's The Bald Soprano, an absurdist drawing room comedy to which Albee's play seems indebted in many ways. Ionesco's title derives from the Fireman's passing reference to the woman who "always wears her hair in the same style."7 She is not a character in the play, nor is she ever referre... ...ampshire, where Wilder was a mentor and Albee was an aspiring poet. Richard E. Amacher implies that this comment was important in Albee's turning to playwriting. (Edward Albee (New York: Twayne, 1969), p. 19) Although Wilder is referred to negatively in Albee's Fam and Yam (along with Miller, Williams and Inge), that may be because he represents the dramatic establishment that a new playwright like Albee must challenge, rather than because Albee dislikes him or his drama. The intellectual and dramaturgical relationships between Albee and Wilder would make an interesting study. 24. Michael E. Rutenberg, Edward Albee: Playwright in Protest (New York: Drama Book Specialists, 1969), pp. 230, 232. Albee adds, "There might be an allegory to be drawn, and have the fantasy child the revolutionary principles of this country that we haven't lived up to yet." Ibid., p. 230.

Haemoglobinopathy

Review Article Indian J Med Res 134, October 2011, pp 552-560 Invasive & non-invasive approaches for prenatal diagnosis of haemoglobinopathies: Experiences from India R. B. Colah, A. C. Gorakshakar & A. H. Nadkarni National Institute of Immunohaematology (ICMR), Mumbai, India Received October 29, 2010 The thalassaemias and sickle cell disease are the commonest monogenic disorders in India. There are an estimated 7500 – 12,000 babies with ? -thalassaemia major born every year in the country. While the overall prevalence of carriers in different States varies from 1. to 4 per cent, recent work has shown considerable variations in frequencies even within States. Thus, micromapping would help to determine the true burden of the disease. Although screening in antenatal clinics is being done at many centres, only 15-20 per cent of pregnant women register in antenatal clinics in public hospitals in the first trimester of pregnancy. There are only a handful of centres in major cities in this vast country where prenatal diagnosis is done. There is considerable molecular heterogeneity with 64 mutations identified, of which 6 to 7 common mutations account for 80-90 per cent of mutant alleles. First trimester foetal diagnosis is done by chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and DNA analysis using reverse dot blot hybridization, amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) and DNA sequencing. Second trimester diagnosis is done by cordocentesis and foetal blood analysis on HPLC at a few centres. Our experience on prenatal diagnosis of haemoglobinopathies in 2221 pregnancies has shown that >90 per cent of couples were referred for prenatal diagnosis of ? -thalassaemia after having one or more affected children while about 35 per cent of couples were referred for prenatal diagnosis of sickle cell disorders prospectively. There is a clear need for more data from India on non-invasive approaches for prenatal diagnosis. Key words Haemoglobinopathies – India – invasive and non-invasive approaches – prenatal diagnosis Introduction The inherited disorders of haemoglobin are the most common monogenic disorders globally. Around 7 per cent of the population worldwide are carriers with more than 3,00,000 severely affected babies born every year1. Prenatal diagnosis is an integral component of a community control programme for haemoglobinopathies. Estimating the disease burden, generating awareness in the population, screening 552 o identify carriers and couples at – risk and genetic counselling are prerequisites for a successful prevention programme. The remarkable success of such programmes in the 1970s in Cyprus, Italy, Greece and the UK led to the development of control programmes in many other countries2-6. The extent of the problem in India ? -thalassaemia has been reported in most of the communities that have been screened so far in India. While the overall prevalence varies from 1. 5 to 4 per COLAH et al: PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF HAEMOGLOBINOPATHIES IN INDIA 553 ent in different States, communities like Sindhis, Punjabis, Lohanas, Kutchi Bhanushalis, Jains and Bohris have a higher prevalence (4-17%)7-12. Different reportshaveestimatedthat7500-12,000? -thalassaemia major babies would be born in India each year12 -14. It has also been shown recently by micromapping at the district level in two States, Maharashtra and Gujarat in westernIndiathattheprevalenceof? -thalassaemiatrait in different districts within these States is variable (0 9. 5%). Based on these estimates there would be around 1000birthsof? thalassaemiamajorbabieseachyear in these two States alone15. Thus, such data should be obtained from different States to know the true burden of the disease and for planning and executing control programmes. Haemoglobin S (Hb S) is prevalent in central India and among the tribal belts in western, eastern and southern India, the carrier rates varying from 1-40 per cent16-18. It has been estimated that over 5000 babies with sickle cell disease would be born each year19. Haemoglobin E is widespread in the north eastern States in Assam, Mizoram, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura, the prevalence of Hb E trait being highest (64%) among the Bodo-Kacharis in Assam and going up to 30-40 per cent in some other populations in this region20-22. In eastern India the prevalence of Hb E trait varies from 3-10 per cent in West Bengal8,23. Both Hb E andHbSwhenco-inheritedwith? -thalassaemiaresult in a disorder of variable clinical severity24-26. These inherited haemoglobin disorders cause considerable pain and suffering to the patients and their families and are a major drain on health resources in the country. The need for accurate identification of carries and couples at risk Classical ? thalassaemia carriers have typically reduced red cell indices [mean corpuscular volume (MCV)T) ? + 3. -87 (C>T) ? + 4. -80 (C>T) ? + 5. -29 (A>G) ? + 6. -28 (A>G) ? + 7. -25 (A>G) ? + B. Cap site 1. +1 (A>C) ? + C. Initiation codon 1. ATG > ACG ? 0 D. RNA processing mutations i) Splice junction site 1. Codon 30 (G>C) ? 0 2. Codon 30 (G>A) ? 0 3. IVS 1-1 (G>T) ? 0 4. IVS 1-1 (G>A) ? 0 5. IVS 1-129 (A>C) ? 0 6. IVS 1-130 (G>C) ? 0 7. IVS 1-130 (G>A) ? 0 8. IVS II-1 (G>A) ? 0 (ii) Consensus site 1. IVS 1-5 (G>C) ? + 2. IVS 1-128 (TAG > GAG) ? + 3. IVS II-837 (T>G) ? (iii) IVS changes 1. IVS I-110 (G>A) ? + 2. IVS II-591 (T>C) ? + 3. IVS II-613 (C>T) ? + 4. IVS II-654 (C>T) ? + 5. IVS II-745 (C>G) ? + iv) Coding region changes 1. Codon 26 (G>A) Hb E ? + E. RNA translational mutations i) Nonsense 1. Codons 4,5,6 (ACT CCT GAG> ACA TCT ? 0 TAG) 2. Codon 5 (-CT), Codon 13 (C>T), Codon 26 ? (G>C), Codons 27/28 (+C) in cis 3. Codon 6 (GAG > TAG) and on the same ? 0 chromosome Codon 4 (ACT> ACA) , Codon 5 (CCT>TCT) 4. Codon 8 (A>G) ? 5. Codon 13 (C>T), Codon 26 (G>A), Codons ? 27/28 (-C) in cis 6. Codon 15 (TGG > TAG) ? 0 7. Codons 62-64 (7 bp del) ? 0 8. Codons 81-87 (22 bp del) ? 9. Codon 121 (G>T) ? 0 Contd†¦. themselves, today their relatives and extended families are coming forward to get screened38. There is only one centre in Lucknow in north India which offers a formal course for genetic counsellors and there is a need for more such courses throughout the country. Counsellors should be aware that couples at risk of havingachildwith? -thalassaemiamajor,sicklecel l disease, Hb S ? -thalassaemia, Hb E ? -thalassaemia, – ? -thalassaemia, Hb Lepore ? -thalassaemia and Hb SD disease should be given the option of prenatal diagnosis to avoid the birth of a child with a severe disorder. However, couples at risk of having a child with Hb D disease, Hb D ? -thalassaemia and Hb E disease do not require prenatal diagnosis as these disorders are mild. InSardinia,identificationofthemaximumnumber of carriers followed by effective genetic counselling helpedtoreducethebirthrateof? -thalassaemiamajor babies from 1:250 to 1:400039. Prenatal diagnosis The first initiatives in India Facilities for prenatal diagnosis became available in India in the mid 1980s40. Until then, although prenatal diagnosis was offered by a few centres, foetal samples were sent to the UK and other countries for analysis. Foetal blood sampling by foetoscopy done between 18 and 22 wk gestation and diagnosis by globin chain synthesis were done for the next 4 to 5 years at 2 centres in Mumbai40,41. Chorionic villus sampling and DNA analysis in the first trimester In the 1990s first trimester foetal diagnosis by chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and DNA analysis was established at 4-5 centres in the north in Delhi42, in the west in Mumbai41,43,44 and in the south in Vellore45. These services then expanded to other cities like Lucknow and Chandigarh in the north46,47, and Kolkata in the east48. However, these services are still limited to major cities where couples are referred to or CVS samples are sent from surrounding areas. Molecular analysis ? -thalassaemia is extremely heterogeneous with more than 200 mutations described worldwide49. In India, about 64 mutations have been characterized by studies done at different centres30,31,49-51 (Table I). Six to seven mutations [IVS 1-5 (G? C), 619 bp deletion, IVS 1-1 (G? T), Codon 8/9 (+G), Codons 41/42 (-CTTT), COLAH et al: PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF HAEMOGLOBINOPATHIES IN INDIA (ii) Frameshift 1. Codon 5 (-CT) 2. Codons 7/8 (+G) 3. Codon 8 (-AA) 4. Codons 8/9(+G) 5. Codon 13 (C>T) 6. Codon 15 (-T) 7. Codon 16 (-C) 8. Codon 16 (C>T) 9. Codon 17 (A>T) 10. Codons 22-24 (7 bp del) 11. Codon 26 (G>T) 12. Codon 35 (A>G) 13. Codons 36/37 (-T) 14. Codons 36-39 (8 bp del) 15. Codon 39 (C>T) 16. Codon 44 (-C) 17. Codons 47/48 (+ATCT) 18. Codon 55 (+A) 19. Codon 55 (-A) 20. Codons 57/58 (+A) 21. Codon 88 (+T) 22. Codons 106/107 (+G) 23. Codon 110 (T>C) 24. Codon 111 (-G) 25. Codon 135 (C>T) F. RNA cleavage and polyadenylation mutation 1. AATAAA>AACAAA G. Deletional mutations 1. 619 bp deletion; 3’end 2. 10. 3 kb deletion 3. Codons 126-131 (17 bp deletion) Source: Refs 30, 31, 49-51 55 ?0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? + ? 0 ? + ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 Fig. 1. Regionaldistributionof? -thalassaemiamutationinIndia. molecular techniques like covalent reverse dot blot hybridization (CRDB), amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and DNA sequencing43,44 ,52. Foetal blood analysis in the second trimester Most of the prenatal diagnosis programmes in the Mediterranean countries started with second trimester foetal blood analysis but they were able to switch over tofirsttrimesterdiagnosisinashortspan5,39. In India, second trimester diagnosis is still done as manycouplesatriskareidentifiedlateduringpregnancy. Foetal blood sampling is done by cordocentesis at 18 to20wkgestationandafterconfirmingthatthereisno maternal contamination in the foetal sample by foetal cell staining using the Kleihauer-Betke method, it is analysed by HPLC on the Variant Hemoglobin Testing System (Bio Rad Laboratories, Hercules, USA). The HbA levels in foetuses affected with ? -thalassaemia major have ranged from 0 to 0. 5 per cent and these were distinguishable from heterozygous babies where the Hb A levels were >1. per cent in different studies. However, there was some overlap in Hb A levels between heterozygotes and normals53-55. Sickle cell disease and Hb E thalassaemia have also been diagnosed in this way. On the other hand, experience in Thailand showed that while ? 0 thalassaemia homozygotes and HbE-? 0 thalassaemia compound heterozygotes could be diagnosed by HPLC analysis of foetal blood, ? ++ thalassae mia homozygotes may be misdiagnosed as heterozygotes56. Amniotic fluid cells have not been used extensively in India for prenatal diagnosis of haemoglobinopathies. Codon 15 (G? A), Codon 30 (G? C)] are common accounting for 85-95 per cent of mutant alleles. However, regional differences in their frequencies have been noted30,31,50,51 (Fig. 1). The prevalence of IVS 1 -5 (G? C), the most common mutation in India varies from 15-88 per cent in different States. Codon 15 (G? A) is the second most frequent mutation in Maharashtra and Karnataka and Codon 5 (-CT) is the third most common mutation in Gujarat. The -88 (C? T) and the Cap site +1 (A? C) mutations are more common in the northern region30,31,50. The 619 bp deletion is the most common mutation among the immigrant population from Pakistan. This knowledge on the distribution of mutations in different regions and in people of different ethnic backgrounds has facilitated prenatal diagnosis using 556 INDIAN J MED RES, OCTOBER 2011 Experience at National Institute Immunohaematology (NIIH), Mumbai of Bothfirstandsecondtrimesterprenataldiagnosis for the ? -thalassaemias and sickle cell disorders are done at National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai, and over the last 25 years 2,221 pregnancies at risk have been investigated (Table II). While majority of the couples were at risk of having children with ? thalassaemia major, a significant number of couples at risk of having children with sickle cell disorders have been referred for prenatal diagnosis in the last 4 to 5 years. Our experience in western India has shown that there are still very few couples (G; or codon 35 ? (A? G) at alpha -beta chain interfaces. Ann Hematol 2009; 88 : 1269-71. 52. Old JM, Varawalla NY, Weatherall DJ. The rapid detection and prenatal diagno sis of ? -thalassemia in theAsian Indian and Cyproit populations in the UK. Lancet 1990; 336 : 834-7. 53. Rao VB, Natrajan PG, Lulla CP, Bandodkar SB. Rapid midtrimester prenatal iagnosis of beta-thalassaemia and other haemoglobinopathies using a non- radioactive anion exchange HPLC technique – an Indian experience. Prenat Diagn 1997; 17 : 725-31. 54. Wadia MR, Phanasgaokar SP, Nadkarni AH, Surve RR, Gorakshakar AC, Colah RB, et al. Usefulness of automated chromatography for rapid fetal blood analysis for second trimester prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassemia. Prenat Diagn 2002; 22 : 153-7. 559 55. Rao S, Saxena R, Deka D, Kabra M. Use of HbA estimation by CE-HPLC for prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassemia; experience from a tertiary care centre in north India: a brief report. Hematology 2009; 14 : 122-4. 56. Winichagoon P, Sriphanich R, Sae-Mgo WB, Chowthaworm J, Tantisirin P, Kanokpongsakdi S, et al. Application of automated HPLC in prenatal diagnosis of thalassemia. Lab Hematol 2002; 8 : 29-35. 57. Holzgreve W. Will ultrasound screening and ultrasound guided procedures be replaced by non-invasive techniques for the diagnosis of fetal chromosome anomalies? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1997; 9 : 217-9. 58. Steele CD, Wapner RJ, Smith JB, Haynes MK, Jackson LG. Prenatal diagnosis using fetal cells isolated from maternal peripheral blood. Clin. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 39 : 801-13. 59. Mesker WE, Ouwerkerk-vn Velzen MC, Oosterwijk JC, Bernini LF, Golbus MS, Kanhai HH, et al. Two colour immunocytochemical staining of gamma and epsilon type hemoglobin in fetal red cells. Prenat Diagn 1998; 18 : 1131-7. 60. Takabayashi H, Kuwabara S, Ukita T, Ikawa K, Yamafuji K, Igarashi T. Development of non-invasive fetal DNA diagnosis from maternal blood. Prenat Diagn 1995; 15 : 74-7. 61. Cheung MC, Goldberg JD, Kan YW. Prenatal diagnosis of sickle cell anemia and thalassemia by analysis of fetal cells in maternal blood. Nat Genet 1996; 14 : 264-8. 62. Di Naro E, Ghezzi F, Vitucci A, Tannoia N, Campanale D, D’ Addario V, et al. Prenataldiagnosisof? -thalassemiausing fetal erythroblasts enriched from maternal blood by a novel gradient. Mol Hum Reprod 2000; 6 : 571-4. 63. Kolialexi A, Vrettou C, Traeger-Synodinos J, Burgemeister R, Papantoniou N, Kanavakis E, et al. Non invasive prenatal diagnosisof? -thalassemiausingindividualfetalerythroblasts isolated from maternal blood after enrichment. Prenat Diagn 2007; 27 : 1228-32. 64. D’Souza E, Sawant PM, Nadkarni AH, Gorakshakar A, Mohanty D, Ghosh K, et al. Evaluation of the use of monoclonal antibodies and nested PCR for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies in India. Am J Clin Pathol 2008; 130 : 202-9. 65. Lo YM, Corbetta N, Chamberlain PF, Rai V, Sargent IL, Redman CW, et al. Presence of fetal DNA in maternal plasma and serum. Lancet 1997; 350 : 485-7. 66. Lo YM, Tein MS, Lau TK, Haines CJ, Leung TN, Poon PM, et al. Quantitaive analysis of fetal DNA in maternal plasma and serum: implications for non invasive prenatal diagnosis. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 62 : 768-75. 67. Lun FMF, Chiu RWK, Allen Chan KC, Lau TK, Leung TY, Dennis Lo YM. Microfluidics digital PCR reveals a higher than expected fraction of fetal DNA in maternal plasma. Clin Chem 2008; 54 : 1664-72. 68. Li Y, Zimmermann B, Rusterholz C, Kang A, Holzgrave W, Hahn S. Size separation of circulating DNA in maternal plasma permits ready detection of fetal DNA polymorphisms. Clin Chem 2004; 50 : 1002-11. 69. Chiu RW, Lau TK, Leung TK, Chow KC, Chui DH, Lo YM. Prenatal exclusion of beta thalassemia major by examination of maternal plasma. Lancet 2002; 360 : 998-1000. 560 INDIAN J MED RES, OCTOBER 2011 beta thalassemia point mutation by MALDI – TOF mass spectrometry. Fetal Diagn Ther 2009; 25 : 246-9. Papasavva T, Kalikas I, Kyrri A, Kleanthous M. Arrayed primer extension for the noninvasive prenatal diagnosis of beta thalassemia based on detection of single nucleotide polymorphism. Ann N Y Acad Sci USA 2008; 1137 : 302-8. Li Y, Di Naro E, Vitucci A, Zimmermann B, Holzgreve W, Hahn S. Detection of paternally inherited fetal point mutations for beta thalassemia using size fractionated cell free DNA in maternal plasma. J Am Med Assoc 2005; 293 : 843-9. Chan K, Yam I, Leung KY, Tang M, Chan TK, Chan V. Detection of paternal alleles in maternal plasma for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis in beta thalassemia: a feasibility study in southern China. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Repord Biol 2010; 150 : 28-33. Lo YMD. Non invasive prenatal diagnosis in 2020. Prenat Diagn 2010; 30 : 702-3. 70. Papasavva T, Kalakoutis G, Kalikas I, Neokli E, Papacharalambous S, Kyrri A, et al. Non-invasive prenatal diagnostic assay for the detection of beta thalassemia. Ann NY Acad Sci USA 2006; 1075 : 148-53. 71. Tungwiwat W, Fucharoen G, Fucharoen S, Ratanasiri T, Sanchaisuriya K, Sae- Ung N. Application of maternal plasma DNA analysis for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis of Hb E beta thalassemia. Transl Res 2007; 150 : 319-25. 72. Lazaros L, Hatzi E, Bouba I, Makrydimas G, Dalkalitsis N, Stefos T, et al. Noninvasivefirsttrimesterdetectionofpaternal beta globin gene mutations and polymorphisms as predictors of thalassemia risk at chorionic villus sampling. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Repord Biol 2008; 140 : 17-20. 73. Li Y, Di Naro E, Vitucci A, Grill S, Ahong XY, Holzgreve W, et al. Size fractionation of cell free DNA in maternal plasma improves the detection of a paternally inherited 74. 75. 76. 77. Reprint requests: Dr Roshan Colah, Scientist F, National Institute of Immunohaematology (ICMR), 13th Floor, NMS Bldg, KEM Hospital Campus, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India e-mail: [email  protected] com

Hemingway App Hemingway Editor for Writing Improvement [Review]

Hemingway App Hemingway Editor for Writing Improvement [Review] Hemingway App: Hemingway Editor for Writing Improvement [Review] Writing without editing is like building a house without walls.If you don’t think so, then you’re probably not someone who’s serious about writing and writing well.Not only does editing your own writing help you improve as a writer, but it’s also necessary to turn your very first thoughts of the story or book into something that actually represents how it looks inside your mind.You know how it is.Sometimes your writing just doesn’t do the story or book in your head justice.Using the Hemingway App editor is a perfect way to get as close as possible to bringing your true vision to life.In this Hemingway Editor review, well cover:What is the Hemingway app editor?Is the Hemingway editor right for you?How the Hemingway app worksHemingway app benefitsHemingway App editor reviewWhy are adverbs bad in the Hemingway editor?Next steps for using the Hemingway app editorWhat is the Hemingway App Editor?The Hemingway App is an editor that highlights and correct s grammar, fluency, and sentence structure in order to help your writing read and look better.If you’re new to the world of writing software, you may not be aware of what’s available for you.The Hemingway App is just one of many resources out there designed to not only improve your writing as you have it but also teach you how to write better and produce tighter, neater prose in your books.NOTE: If you want to know how to improve your writing with or without the use of a software like the Hemingway App Editor, we cover everything in this blog post and much more about the writing, marketing, and publishing process in our VIP Self-Publishing Program. Learn more about it hereIs the Hemingway App Editor Right for You?When it comes to choosing a writing software thats best for you, theres a lot to consider.We make it easier for you. This quiz will tell you which writing software is best for your needs. Who knows, maybe the Hemingway App is your perfect match!Want to find th e best writing software for you in just MINUTES? Take this quiz and well tell you exactly which one will help your writing process the most.Click Here to Take the QuizHow Does the Hemingway App Editor Work?Before we get into the Hemingway editor benefits, lets first touch on how the editor works and what you can expect. How to Use the Hemingway Editor:STEP #1 When you visit the Hemingway Editor website, you have the option to paste your writing directly onto the website, or you can download the desktop version to use anytime.NOTE: If you want to be able to download and save what the Hemingway editor is correcting (or what you correct within the editor) download the Hemingway App for your desktop in order to do so.STEP #2 Paste your writing into the app editor directly from the writing software youre using to complete your manuscript, like in the example from my own work below.STEP #3 Determine whether or not to take the advice highlighted in the various colors.This can be the har dest part of using the Hemingway editor. You cant take every suggestion because then you may lose your own writing voice.Knowing what each color means in the editor will help you decide what advice to take, and what to leave for stylistic purposes.Heres what each color represents in the Hemingway app editor:Light Blue Light blue highlights in the Hemingway editor represent weak words (typically adverbs) that this app believes could be made stronger.Green Green highlights in the Hemingway Editor indicate passive voice- which is not as strong as active voice.Purple When the Hemingway Editor highlights something in purple, its telling you that whats written is a little too complex and it would be easier to read if you altered it or shortened the word.Yellow Yellow highlights are indicative of complex sentences or common writing errors. This means you are better off shortening or splitting up this sentence in order to make it easier to read.Red If your text gets highlighted in red, i t means this text is very difficult to read. Think of red as the more severe version of a yellow highlight- its usually best not to ignore this suggestion entirely. The key with using the Hemingway editor is to understand that these are only suggestions. Its up to you to determine what advice you want to take in order to make your writing stronger.Remember, this is just an automated app- it cannot replicate your voice or style.Hemingway App BenefitsBefore we get into the real review, let’s touch on the benefits of the Hemingway App in order to help you understand exactly what this writing program has to offer.#1 It’s very simple to useThe Hemingway editor is not a difficult editing tool to use. In fact, it’s as easy as copying and pasting because that’s literally all you have to do.Just copy the writing you have and drop it into the editor. Then, BOOM, your work has been edited. Technically, your work has been commented on, and it’s up to you to make the necessary edits suggested by the editor.As far as ease of use, the Hemingway app is perfect.#2 It creates better-sounding writingA lot of what makes the Hemingway app unique is that its purpose is to help your writing read more fluidly.One of the main issues with many people’s writing is that it often sounds choppy. The smoothness of writing is a coveted skill not many possess naturally and therefore, the Hemingway app editor makes it easy to see where your flow is falling short.Once you know what to watch out for and what habits you tend to fall into, you can correct them going forward and have smoother, easier-to-read prose.#3 Anyone can use itIf you have the ability to write, copy, and paste, you can use the Hemingway app editor.Because this editor works by giving you suggestions within your writing, you’ll have to be able to read and decipher what each piece of advice means as well.But as long as you can copy and paste your work as well as understand the tips the app is giving you, you can use this.#4 It’s cheap or freeAlthough you can purchase a desktop version of the Hemingway app editor, it’s also completely free to use on their website.You can just go to Hemingwayapp.com and paste your writing in the space where their writing is. The results and editing tips immediately populate all for free.#5 You get better the more you use itAs I’ve mentioned above, this is a great app to use whenever you want to check your writing for major grammatical and spelling errors, but you can also use this as a learning tool.Whenever you input copy for the app to edit, make note of results that pop up time and time again. This will show you where your weakest points are and it also allows you to gauge how much you’re improving whenever you use it. Hemingway App Editor ReviewLet’s get into the real stuff whether or not the Hemingway App is really worth all the hype.Take a look at the video below to understand h ow it works and your different options when it comes to using the Hemingway editor.Ease of use: 5/5This editing app is the easiest I’ve seen to use. It’s literally as simple as copy and pasting, as I mentioned above.The best part about this editor, though, is that its simplicity allows you to use it often and quickly. Even if you want to just check over an urgent email before sending it, you can do so within a minute.Functionality: 4/5The Hemingway app functions just as you’d expect. As far as whether or not the editor does as advertised, it does but only to a certain extent, which Ill touch on in the next point.The app does actually highlight and pinpoint the different areas you can improve on, as well as telling you what reading level your writing is at and how many words it is, as seen below.Reliability: 3/5Its easy to want to listen to every little thing an editor like this says. After all, its factual and that means my writing will be better because of it, right?Thats not always the case.One of the downsides of this editing software is that it doesn’t take style and writer voice into account when editing.This app basically works to correct the most basic common writing problems. However, if you have a very distinct style or a writing voice that strays from â€Å"normal† writing guidelines, this editor won’t be able to detect that and edit accordingly.Therefore, it’s not as reliable for fiction writers because the voices used in writing tend to differ.Overall: 4/5Overall, the Hemingway App editor is a great way to make your writing stronger very quickly. However, keep in mind that this should not be used as an editor for every piece of writing you do.If you’re someone who wants to use it in order to see which areas you need help with, that’s great.But you will still need to hire an editor even after using this if you want the best quality writing.Why are adverbs bad in the Hemingway App?Adverb s are considered bad in writing because they’re weak and can often be replaced with a stronger, more accurate word to reflect the same idea.I’m sure you’ve heard the famous quote by Stephen King about adverbs.â€Å"The path to hell is paved with adverbs.†If you want your writing to be impactful, you have to use strong verbs instead of adverbs in order to get the point across. She ran quickly to grab her backpack before leaving for school.She sprinted to grab her backpack before leaving for school.These two sentences say the same thing, but the second is stronger due using a better, more fitting verb instead of an adverb.How does this involve the Hemingway App editor?The editor is designed to find little mistakes like this in order to help you write with more clarity and intrigue. You won’t have to worry about missing these mistakes when self-editing because the app will point them out for you.Your Next Steps If You’re ReadyAt this point, yo u have to make a decision.Either take action to write your book, or allow yourself to wait, take your time, and probably not get your book done at all.It might sound hard, but facts don’t lie. The longer you wait, the bigger the chance that you’ll never do your book idea justice.And even if you think you’re prepared and ready by using the Hemingway App editor, you’re far from it.In fact, it hardly ever does.