Doric Columns - All You Need to Know

The Doric column is an architectural element from ancient Greece and represents one of the five orders of classical architecture. Today this simple column can be found supporting many front porches across America. In public and commercial architecture, notably the public architecture in Washington, DC, the Doric column is a defining feature of Neoclassical style buildings. A Doric column has a very plain, straightforward design, much more simple than the later Ionic and Corinthian column styles. A Doric column is also thicker and heavier than an Ionic or Corinthian column. For this reason, the Doric column is sometimes associated with strength and masculinity. Believing that Doric columns could bear the most weight, ancient builders often used them for the lowest level of multi-story buildings, reserving the more slender Ionic and Corinthian columns for the upper levels. Ancient builders developed several Orders, or rules, for the design and proportion of buildings, including the columns. Doric is one of the earliest and most simple of the Classical Orders set down in ancient Greece. An Order includes the vertical column and the horizontal entablature. Doric designs developed in the western Dorian region of Greece in about the 6th century BC. They were used in Greece until about 100 BC. Romans adapted the Greek Doric column but also developed their own simple column, which they called Tuscan. Characteristics of the Doric Column Greek Doric columns share these features: a shaft that is fluted or grooveda shaft that is wider at the bottom than the topno base or pedestal at the bottom, so it is placed directly on the floor or ground levelan  echinus or a smooth, round capital-like flare at the top of the shafta square abacus on top of the round echinus, which disperses and evens the loada lack of ornamentation or carvings of any kind, although sometimes a stone ring called an astragal marks the transition of the shaft to the echinus Doric columns come in two varieties, Greek and Roman. A Roman Doric column is similar to Greek, with two exceptions: Roman Doric columns often have a base on the bottom of the shaft.Roman Doric columns are usually taller than their Greek counterparts, even if the shaft diameters are the same. Architecture Built With Doric Columns Since the Doric column was invented in ancient Greece, it can be found in the ruins of what we call Classical architecture, the buildings of early Greece and Rome. Many buildings in a Classical Greek city would have been constructed with Doric columns. Symmetrical rows of columns were placed with mathematical precision in iconic structures like the Parthenon Temple at the Acropolis in Athens. Constructed between 447 BC and 438 BC., the Parthenon in Greece has become an international symbol of Greek civilization and an iconic example of the Doric column style. Another landmark example of Doric design, with columns surrounding the entire building, is the Temple of Hephaestus in Athens. Likewise, the Temple of the Delians, a small, quiet space overlooking a harbor, also reflects the Doric column design. On a walking tour of Olympia, youll find a solitary Doric column at the Temple of Zeus still standing amid the ruins of fallen columns. Column styles evolved over several centuries. The massive Colosseum in Rome has Doric columns on the first level, Ionic columns on the second level, and Corinthian columns on the third level. When Classicism was reborn during the Renaissance, architects such as Andrea Palladio gave the Basilica in Vicenza a 16th-century facelift by combining column types on different levels—Doric columns on the first level, Ionic columns above. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Neoclassical buildings were inspired by the architecture of early Greece and Rome. Neoclassical columns imitate the Classical styles at the 1842 Federal Hall Museum and Memorial at 26 Wall Street in New York City. The 19th-century architects used Doric columns to recreate the grandeur of the site where the first President of the United States was sworn in. Of less grandeur is the World War I Memorial shown on this page. Built in 1931 in Washington, DC, it is a small, circular monument inspired by the architecture of the Doric temple in ancient Greece. A more dominant example of Doric column use in Washington, DC is the creation of architect Henry Bacon, who gave the neoclassical Lincoln Memorial imposing Doric columns, suggesting order and unity. The Lincoln Memorial was built between 1914 and 1922. Finally,  in the years leading up to Americas Civil War, many of the large, elegant antebellum plantations were built in the Neoclassical style with classically-inspired columns. These simple but grand column types are found throughout the world, wherever classic grandeur is required in local architecture. Sources Doric column illustration  © Roman Shcherbakov/iStockPhoto; Parthenon detail photo by Adam Crowley/Photodisc/Getty Images; Lincoln Memorial photo by Allan Baxter/Getty Images; and photo of Federal Hall by Raymond Boyd/Getty Images.

Substance Abuse Paper - 1198 Words

Substance abuse is one of the most common comorbid conditions among individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia (Schwartz et al., 2007). Previous studies have shown that nicotine, alcohol, and cannabis were the most frequently used substances in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, followed by cocaine and amphetamine. Individuals with substance use disorders have negative long-term outcomes and poorer overall quality of life. Researchers suggest that substance abuse complicates individuals with mental issues and also makes treatments less effective (Schwartz et al., 2007). Researchers also suggest that other predictors such as gender, age and other psychosocial predictors may affect substance abuse in patients with schizophrenia. This†¦show more content†¦Although researchers suggested that the integrated program with a routine care had a positive impact on patients with comorbid schizophrenia and substance use disorders, there were other factors that would have caused pat ients to increase their drug and/or alcohol use. The stress from the patients’ families or stress from the patients not having contact with their family could have caused an increase in drug and alcohol use during the integrated programs and routine care. Researchers Schwartz, Hilscher and Hayhow (2007) wanted to determine if other psychosocial impairments were associated with current drug abuse in patients with schizophrenia. They based their study on previous research that suggested that the substance use was caused by depression, side effects of medication and the effects of the psychotic symptoms in patients and also being a male. Schwartz et al. (2007) tested 223, majority Caucasian and minority African American patients, 18 years or older from a mental health agency. The clients were given psychiatric evaluations (medical, family and social history) and interviews using the Global Assessment of Functioning and Functional Assessment Rating scales to examine the severity of the substance abuse on clients with schizophrenia. These finding suggested that males were highly most likely to engage in substance abuse compared to females. Other predictor factors such as work/schoolShow MoreRelatedVulnerable Populations Paper: Substance Abuse1842 Words   |  8 PagesVulnerable Populations Paper: Substance Abuse Substance abuse disorders is easily defined when an â€Å"individual continues to use the substance despite experiencing negative consequences from their use. These negative consequences can include health problems; difficulties in their family, work, and social life; and financial and legal problems. 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Essential Highlights Could Be Perceived â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Essential Highlights Could Be Perceived? Answer: Introduction: The following report is intended to describe the insights pertaining to a product advertisement on YouTube. Some of the essential highlights that could be perceived in the following report include the identification of the advertisement, product involved and the general advertising appeal involved in the advertisement. The analysis of the consumer behaviour issues which could be reviewed in context of the advertisement of Apples product, iPhone 7, presents a formidable interpretation of the significance of the consumer behaviour issues in moderating the advertisement campaign (Batat, 2018). The analysis of consumer behaviour issues is responsible for providing viable inferences for identifying the unaddressed issues in the current campaign. The report also describes the consumer behaviour insights and its application for improving the marketing of Apples iPhone 7. Another profound element of the report is observed in the critical reflection of teamwork dynamics and the experience involved in completion of the assignment (Carter Yeo, 2016). Advertisement: The advertisement identified as an example for the following report is that of Apples new product, the iPhone 7. The iPhone 7 is one of the latest inclusions in the iPhone product line of Apple which is characterized with unique features such as Retina HD display, display zoom, dual-domain pixels for wide viewing angles. The Apple iPhone 7 is also known to be first of its kind to be waterproof which is a profound indicator of marketing advantage for the brand. The product could be classified in the electronics products category which indicates the product class (East, et al., 2016). The general type of advertising appeal that is explicitly observed in the advertisement refers to personal and brand appeal. Since the brand reputation of Apple is formidable in the electronics products categories, the brand appeal of the advertisement is clearly evident. On the other hand, Funk, Alexandris McDonald said that the implications for the personal appeal could be profoundly observed in terms of the personal emotions of Apple product enthusiasts which act as motivation for purchases (Funk, Alexandris McDonald, 2016). The characteristic outcomes which could be perceived in the general appeal of the advertisement refer to happiness, pleasure, self esteem, pride and stimulation. Consumer behaviour issues: The smartphone industry has been rapidly expanding with profound references to the introduction of artificial technology and the evolving demands of customers. The development of technology has not only created distinct opportunities for product development but has also provided credible insights into the radical changes in customer preferences related to technology. The product positioning of Apple as compared to its competitors is not accountable as an issue albeit with the differentiation factor used for premium pricing of Apples products could be assumed as a prolific influence on the behaviour of consumers (Garcia Ruiz, 2016). On the contrary, emotional appeal of the advertisement is largely derived from the brand reputation of Apple in the domain of electronics products. The emotional appeal is largely observed in personal appeal wherein the individuals purchasing the products could obtain the benefits such as self esteem, happiness and pleasure. The emotional appeal of purchasing an Apple iPhone 7 is also reflected in the social aspect with the explicit outcomes such as respect, affiliation, acceptance and recognition. As per Godey, et al, decision making prompts could be anticipated in the advertisement through emphasis on the new features integrated in the product such as the new flash which is emphasized by the narrator in the advertisement. So the audience is more likely to be emphasizing on the specific parts of the advertisement which strike them and justify the efficiency of the new features (Godey, et al., 2016). The primary objective of advertisement initiatives of every brand are directed towards transition of potential customers of Apple to actual buyers. Therefore, the advertisement of Apple succeeds in presenting the favourable indications related to the product which also play a considerable part in determination of consumer decision. Consumer motivation aspects with respect to the case of Apple could be explicitly observed in the factors of economic circumstances of customers and lifestyle preferences of customers of Apple. The advertisement could be critically associated with limitations for customers belonging to median income levels. Furthermore, the emotional association of customers with the brand of Apple could be assumed as a major insight for determining the consumer behaviour (Halvorsen, et al., 2013). The examples of customers waiting in queues for getting their hands on the first new Apple product could be accounted as notable implications for considering the favourability of consumer behaviour towards the enterprise. The decision making process that would be probably followed by customers should also be reviewed as a crucial dimension of consumer behaviour. The decision making process could be largely observed to be associated with different stages which are characterized with distinct outcomes. It is essential to perceive the foremost stage of the decision making process which could be associated as a major objective of the video advertisement (Hawkins, Mothersbaugh Best, 2013). The video advertisement on YouTube should be able to help the audience in determining the need for purchasing the Apple iPhone 7. The next step in the decision making process refers to the collection of information related to the product which could be facilitated to a certain extent by the advertisement. According to Lantos, the evaluation of alternatives is the next stage involved in the decision making process of customers which also requires involvement of the alternative sources of advertisements and concerns of competition (Lantos, 2015). The successful completion of the above stages leads to the final purchase of the product by customer. Therefore, the advertisement could be associated as a profound determinant of the customer purchase decision. The analysis of the different consumer behaviour aspects as observed in case of Apple could be considered significant since the evaluation of pitfalls in consumer behaviour could result in reforms in marketing approaches (Martin Woodside, 2017). The specific consumer behaviour issues such as product positioning, decision making prompts, consumer motivation and decision making process could be effective for resolving the pitfalls in outcomes from advertisements of Apple. The identification of consumer behaviour issues could be a formidable input for changes in the advertisement content. Unaddressed Ethical issues: It can be imperatively observed that the advertisement of Apples new product iPhone 7 has been able to depict the features of the product alongside imposing a formidable emotional appeal for the customers. The advertisement campaign is liable to address the different ethical issues that could be identified in the commitments of Apple (Nica, 2013). The company is explicitly dedicated to preservation of product quality, privacy and sustainability which have been depicted considerably over the years and contributed to the brand reputation of Apple. However, the existing advertisement campaign depicts profound limitations in terms of addressing the ethical issues of communicating the pitfalls of privacy. User privacy is a major cause of concern for Apple and the data collection mechanism adopted by the company is liable for drawing ill reputation for the organization especially in terms of ethics. The advertisement campaign does not emphasize on the protection of privacy of data on custo mer devices and neither does it take any specific considerations for communicating this factor to customers in the advertisement (Pappas, 2016). While the organization has taken substantial measures to integrate information about its CSR activities and efforts to reduce environmental impact of its facilities in its advertisement campaign, it has refrained from interactions pertaining to the allegations against it for unwarranted data collection practices. Therefore Apple could be subject to a profound ethical issue that could affect customer behaviour in the long term. Another consumer behaviour issue that has not been addressed by the advertisement refer to the lack of references to a benchmark in order to determine the alternatives in decision making process. While the lack of any potential references to competitors could be credible initiatives, it would not be plausible to ignore the existence of substitutes that facilitate products at lower costs. Another promising factor that could be anticipated as a consumer behaviour issue which has not been addressed in the advertisement is the determination of a social identity of customers (Radionova Praude, 2016). The advertisement has not provided a specific indication towards the physical or social attributes of customers that leads to ambiguities related to identity of target consumer segment which subsequently creates insufficiencies in ethical and consumer behaviour contexts. The advertisement also fails to provide a detailed impression of the sources from where customers could access the new Apple iPhone 7 which is a major customer behaviour issue reflected in the consumer environment for the organization (Stephen, 2016). Role of consumer behaviour: Consumer behaviour was not a major element of research in business management until the recent decade which was characterized by customers buying to fulfil their needs and requirements from a limited assortment of choices. However, as times have progressed, the domain of business has seen a vast turnaround in which the customers have gained power of businesses and they dictate the product designs and approaches for product pricing. Therefore, it is essential for business organizations to recognize the significance of consumer behaviour and the factors influencing it in order to acquire the necessary competitive advantage. As per Stephen, the profound developments observed in service related sectors as well as industrial domains have led to the proliferation of unique competences that could enable organizations to address customer requirements flexibly (Stephen, 2016). Therefore, consumer behaviour data acquired by a brand could help it in ascertaining its reach in the market alongside obtaining a credible impression of the areas where it is lacking behind competitors such as product quality or customer service. The outcomes of consumer behaviour analysis could be implemented by an organization to address major concerns in terms of marketing, segmentation, targeting and positioning of the product. The primary benefit of obtaining customer behaviour insights is noticed in the form of proven data on the trends which influence customer behaviour the most. For example, Apple can use customer behaviour data acquired from the usage statistics of different apps on their iPhones to determine the user preferences for the particular apps or features. This would help the organization to implement development routines for the apps preferred by higher number of users which would be improvised in the next designs of Apple iPhone. It is also imperative to consider the factor that these measures could be applied in the current marketing campaign. The use of data acquired from customers from a pilot study prior to launch of advertisement and product could be helpful for resolution of minor glitches in the product (Vinerean, et al., 2013). Consumer behaviour insights are also helpful for depicting valid insights into the existing economic circumstances and the purchasing trends among customers. Therefore, an organization could anticipate customer purchasing behaviour for changing prices according to customer demands. However, this factor could be reflective of urgent requirement for review of financial resources and opportunities for reforms in production schedules. Critique of teamwork dynamics: The requirement of a comprehensive analysis of the video advertisement of Apple and its new product the iPhone 7 was indicative of the basic necessity to implement teamwork dynamics. The cases of teamwork dynamics could be identified flexibly in the case of our initiatives for completing this assignment (Martin Woodside, 2017). While the involvement of every member was productive for the assignment, the refraining attitude of one of the team members negated his involvement in the discussion on theoretical aspects of consumer behaviour. On the other hand, I should also critique my incapability as a team member as I should have encouraged the team to motivate the member for expressing his opinions and contribute to the completion of the assignment. The aspect of communication observed in the teamwork dynamics for completion of this assignment could also be classified as a major addition. Communication among the team members was ensured through verbal and non verbal channels involving formal references to the team meetings and casual interactions between members. Conclusion: The report presented an identification of a video advertisement of YouTube and aimed to illustrate the product class type and the advertisement appeal evidently observed in it. The report also emphasized considerably on the consumer behaviour issues that were derived from consumer behaviour analysis in context of Apple i.e. the chosen company. Thereafter, the report depicted formal references to the identification of ethical issues that have not been addressed by the current advertisement campaign. The above section of the report was directed towards discussing the significance of consumer behaviour insights in the improvement of marketing outcomes for a product or service. Finally, the report depicts a critical reflection on the teamwork experience involved in completion of the project. References Batat, W., 2018.Experience Marketing: Consumer Behaviour and Customer Experience. Routledge. Carter, S. and Yeo, A.C.M., 2016. Mobile apps usage by Malaysian business undergraduates and postgraduates: Implications for consumer behaviour theory and marketing practice.Internet Research,26(3), pp.733-757. East, R., Singh, J., Wright, M. and Vanhuele, M., 2016.Consumer behaviour: applications in marketing. Sage. Funk, D.C., Alexandris, K. and McDonald, H., 2016.Sport Consumer Behaviour: Marketing Strategies. Routledge. Garcia, J.A. and Ruiz, B., 2016. A Systematic Review of the Role of Time in Consumer Behaviour.INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MARKETING COMMUNICATION AND NEW MEDIA,4(6), pp.29-47. Godey, B., Manthiou, A., Pederzoli, D., Rokka, J., Aiello, G., Donvito, R. and Singh, R., 2016. Social media marketing efforts of luxury brands: Influence on brand equity and consumer behavior.Journal of business research,69(12), pp.5833-5841. Halvorsen, K., Hoffmann, J., Coste-Manire, I. and Stankeviciute, R., 2013. Can fashion blogs function as a marketing tool to influence consumer behavior? Evidence from Norway.Journal of Global Fashion Marketing,4(3), pp.211-224. Hawkins, D.I., Mothersbaugh, D.L. and Best, R.J., 2013.Consumer behavior: Building marketing strategy. McGraw-Hill Irwin. Lantos, G.P., 2015.Consumer behavior in action: Real-life applications for marketing managers. Routledge. Martin, D. and Woodside, A., 2017. Learning consumer behavior using marketing anthropology methods. Nica, E., 2013. Marketing implications of consumer behavior.Economics, Management and Financial Markets,8(1), p.124. Pappas, N., 2016. Marketing strategies, perceived risks, and consumer trust in online buying behaviour.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,29, pp.92-103. Radionova, E. and Praude, V., 2016. Relationship marketing: consumer behaviour comparison in the traditional and online trade markets.New Challenges of Economic and Business Development2016, p.586. Stephen, A.T., 2016. Consumer behavior in digital and social media marketing: A review of recent findings and directions for future research.Current opinion in psychology: Special Issue on Consumer Behavior, forthcoming. Stephen, A.T., 2016. The role of digital and social media marketing in consumer behavior.Current Opinion in Psychology,10, pp.17-21. Vinerean, S., Cetina, I., Dumitrescu, L. and Tichindelean, M., 2013. The effects of social media marketing on online consumer behavior.International Journal of Business and Management,8(14), p.66.